Halide Perovskite Lasers

CHAPTER 1. Fundamentals of Lasers

1.1: What is a Laser?

1.2: Principles of Laser Operation

1.2.1: Resonators, Pump and Gain medium

1.2.2: Rate Equation Approach

1.3: Characteristics of Lasers

1.3.1: Modal Profiles

1.3.2: Spatial and Temporal Coherence

1.4: Types of Lasing

1.4.1: Fabry-Perot Lasing

1.4.2: Distributed Feedback Bragg (DFB) Lasing

1.4.3: Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) Lasing

1.4.4: Random Lasing

1.5: How to recognize Lasing

1.5.1: Signatures of the Lasing emission

1.5.2: Look-alike Lasing Artefacts

CHAPTER 2. Photophysics behind Perovskite Lasers

2.1: Introduction

2.1.1: The Perovskite Semiconductor
2.1.2: Basic Characterising Parameters of Perovskites

2.1.3: Exciton Bohr Radii and Quantum Confinement

2.2: Ultrafast Optical Spectroscopic Methods

2.2.1: Steady-state and Time-resolved Photoluminescence

2.2.2: Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

2.2.3: Angular Resolved Spectroscopy

2.3: Carrier Dynamics in the Perovskite Materials

2.3.1: Nature of Carriers: Exciton VS Free Electron-Holes

2.3.2: Band-edge Radiative Recombination

2.3.3: Interplay Between Radiative and Non-Radiative recombination Processes

2.3.4: Intraband Carrier Dynamics

2.3.5: Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE)

2.3.6: Material Quantum Yield of Fluorescence

2.3.7: Quenching Mechanisms of Light Amplification

2.4: Perovskite Photon Lasing

2.4.2: Material Requirements

2.5: Perovskite Polariton Lasing

2.5.1: Parameters relevant to Polariton Lasing

2.5.2: Material Requirements

2.6: Summary and Conclusions

CHAPTER 3. Perovskites as Viable Gain Media

3.1.1: Perovskite Polycrystalline Thin Films

3.1.2: Perovskite Nanocrystals

3.1.3: Perovskite Nanoplatelets

3.1.4: Perovskite Nanowires

3.1.5: Perovskite Single Crystals

3.2: Optically Pumped Perovskite Lasing

3.2.1: Femtosecond Pulse Pumped Lasing

3.2.2: Nanosecond Pulse Pumped Lasing

3.2.3: Continuous Wave Pumped Lasing

3.2.4: Photostability of Perovskite Gain Materials

3.3: Summary and Conclusions

CHAPTER 4. Fabricating Techniques of Practical Lasing Resonator

4.1: Fabrication Techniques of practical Lasing Resonators

4.1.1: Fabry-Perot: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasing (VCSEL)

4.1.2: Whispering Gallery Modes: Microcapillaries and Microspheres

4.1.3: Distributed Feedback Gratings

4.1.4: Highly Disordered Morphology for Random Lasing

4.2: Further Considerations in Optimisation of Lasing Cavity Designs

4.3 Summary and Conclusions

CHAPTER 5. Conclusion

5.1: Challenges with Perovskite lasers

5.1.1: Toxicity Issue

5.1.2: Thermal Management Issue

5.1.3: Extending the photostability lifetime

5.1.4: Increasing the pump-generated Carrier Densities

5.1.5: Electrically Pumped Perovskite Lasing

5.2: Summary and Outlook